Pharmacological treatment of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Pharmacological treatment for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) aims to alleviate symptoms and reduce the future risk of events such as exacerbations, progression death. The heterogeneity COPD results in variable responses pharmacological interventions. has evolved towards a precision medicine approach, integrating clinical biomarker information order optimize decisions each individual. evidence supporting use blood eosinophil counts predict inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) patients led adoption this practice. development novel double triple combination treatments containing long-acting bronchodilators with or without ICS involved some landmark randomized controlled trials patients. These studies have provided valuable direct different classes treatments. However, there are still unresolved questions debates. This review article describes advances COPD, particularly personalization treatment. base current recommendations is discussed, controversial issues dissected.